Ibice by'ingenzi bigize sisitemu y'ingufu z'izuba: Icyo ugomba kumenya

Uko isi ikomeje kwerekeza ku bisubizo by’ingufu zisukuye kandi zirambye, ingufu zikomoka ku mirasire y’izuba zabaye amahitamo akunzwe cyane n’abafite amazu n’ibigo. Waba urimo gutekereza gushyiraho ingufu zikomoka ku mirasire y’izuba mu nzu yawe cyangwa ushaka gutanga umuriro ku nyubako z’ubucuruzi, gusobanukirwa ibice by’ingenzi by’ingufu zikomoka ku mirasire y’izuba ni ingenzi kugira ngo ufate icyemezo gishingiye ku makuru.

Muri iyi nkuru, turasesengura ibice by'ingenzi bigize sisitemu y'ingufu zikomoka ku mirasire y'izuba, dusobanure uburyo zikorana, kandi tugufashe gusobanukirwa icyo wakwitega mugihe ushyiraho sisitemu y'ingufu zikomoka ku mirasire y'izuba.

Ishingiro rya buri sisitemu y'ingufu zikomoka ku mirasire y'izuba nipanel y'izuba. Ibyuma bikoresha imirasire y'izuba, bizwi kandi nka modules za photovoltaic (PV), bishinzwe gufata imirasire y'izuba no kuyihindura amashanyarazi. Ubusanzwe bikozwe mu turemangingo twa silikoni, dufata imirasire y'izuba kandi tugatanga amashanyarazi y'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi (DC).

Ibyuma bikoresha imirasire y'izuba biri mu bwoko butandukanye, aho ibikunze kugaragara cyane ari ibibumbano bya monocrystalline, polycrystalline, na thin-film. Buri bwoko bufite inyungu zabwo mu bijyanye n'imikorere myiza, ikiguzi, n'ibisabwa mu gushyiraho. Urugero, ibibumbano bya monocrystalline bizwiho gukora neza cyane no kuramba, mu gihe ibibumbano bya thin-film bikunze kuba bidakora neza ariko bihendutse.

Iyo imirasire y'izuba ihinduye imirasire y'izuba mo amashanyarazi ya DC, igomba guhindurwamo amashanyarazi asimburana (AC), ari na yo amashanyarazi akoreshwa mu ngo nyinshi no mu bucuruzi. Aha niho hakoreshwainverteriraza.

Inverter ni ingenzi muri sisitemu iyo ari yo yose y'ingufu zikomoka ku mirasire y'izuba, kuko ihindura amashanyarazi ya DC akorwa n'ibice by'amashanyarazi mu mashanyarazi ya AC. Hari ubwoko butandukanye bwa inverter, harimo:

• Inverters z'imigozi: Izi ni zo zikunze gukoreshwa cyane kandi zikunze gukoreshwa mu miyoboro y'amashanyarazi akomoka ku mirasire y'izuba yo mu ngo. Zihujwe n'umugozi w'imashini zikoresha imirasire y'izuba, kandi zose zigashyirwa mu cyuma kimwe gihindura amashanyarazi.
• Inverteri nto: Izi ni inverters nto zishyirwa kuri buri panel y'izuba. Zemerera guhindura ingufu neza kandi zishobora gufasha kunoza imikorere ya sisitemu, cyane cyane iyo panel zimwe na zimwe zifite igicucu cyangwa zishyizwe ku mfuruka zitandukanye.
• Ibikoresho byo kunoza ingufu: Ibi bikoresho bikora hamwe n’ibyuma bihindura imigozi kandi bifasha kongera ingufu zituruka kuri buri gice, kimwe n’ibyuma bihindura imiyoboro mito, ariko ku giciro gito.

Mu gihe ingufu z'izuba zitanga amashanyarazi ku manywa iyo izuba rirashe, ni iki kibaho iyo izuba rirenze cyangwa iyo hari ibicu? Aha nihoububiko bwa bateribijya mu bikorwa. Ushyizeho bateri, ushobora kubika amashanyarazi arenze atangwa ku manywa kugira ngo uyakoreshe nyuma y'izuba ritarimo gucana.

Uburyo bwo kubika batiri ni ingirakamaro cyane ku mazu adakoresha amashanyarazi, ahantu hatagerwa n’amashanyarazi, cyangwa undi muntu wese ushaka gukoresha ingufu ze mu buryo buhagije. Uburyo buzwi bwo kubika batiri ku mirasire y’izuba burimo batiri za lithium-ion, ziciriritse kandi zikora neza, ndetse na batiri zisanzwe zikoresha aside ya lead.

Mu miterere y'izuba itari ku muyoboro w'amashanyarazi,umugenzuzi w'ingufuni ngombwa kugira ngo hagenzurwe uburyo amashanyarazi ava kuri za paneli z'izuba ajya kuri bateri. Iki gikoresho gifasha bateri gusharijwa neza nta shari nyinshi, bishobora gutuma igihe cyo kubaho kwazo kigabanuka. Binarinda bateri gusohora umuriro mwinshi cyane, bishobora kwangiza.

Ku bijyanye n'imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi ihujwe n'ingufu z'izuba (aho imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi ihujwe n'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi), ubusanzwe si ngombwa gukoresha icyuma gipima umuriro, kuko umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi ucunga amashanyarazi arenze urugero kandi ukagufasha gukurura umuriro igihe bikenewe.

Itsindasisitemu yo gushyiramoikoreshwa mu gufata neza imirasire y'izuba, haba ku gisenge cy'inzu yawe cyangwa hasi. Izi sisitemu zigomba kuba ziramba kandi zirinda ikirere, kuko zigomba kwihanganira ibidukikije bitandukanye nk'umuyaga mwinshi, urubura n'imvura.

Sisitemu zo gushyiraho ibikoresho ziboneka mu buryo butandukanye, nko gushyiraho ibikoresho bishyirwa ku gisenge cyangwa ibikoresho bishyirwa ku butaka. Sisitemu zo gushyiraho ibikoresho ku gisenge ni zo zikunze gukoreshwa cyane mu gushyiraho ibikoresho byo mu rugo, kuko zikoresha umwanya utari ukoreshwa wo gushyira ku gisenge. Sisitemu zo gushyiraho ibikoresho ku butaka zikunze gukoreshwa mu gushyiraho ibikoresho binini aho umwanya wo gushyira ku gisenge ari muto cyangwa iyo aho bishyirwa hatanga izuba ryiza ku butaka.

Insinga n'ibice by'amashanyarazi bihuza ibice byose bya sisitemu y'izuba. Kuva ku mirasire y'izuba kugeza kuri inverter, charge controller, no kubika bateri (niba bishoboka), byose bigomba guhuzwa kugira ngo imikorere igende neza. Insinga n'ibihuza by'amashanyarazi byiza kandi birwanya ikirere ni ingenzi cyane ku mikorere myiza n'umutekano wa sisitemu.

Ibice by'amashanyarazi bikwiye, harimo n'ibigabanya umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi n'ibicamo ibice, ni ingenzi mu kurinda sisitemu amakosa cyangwa ibintu byinshi biremereye by'amashanyarazi. Izi ngamba z'umutekano zemeza ko sisitemu ikora neza kandi ishobora kuzimwa byoroshye mu gihe cyo kuyisana cyangwa mu gihe cy'impanuka.

A sisitemu yo gukurikiranani ikintu cy'ubushake ariko gikunzwe cyane mu gushyiraho ingufu z'izuba. Izi sisitemu zigufasha gukurikirana imikorere ya sisitemu yawe y'izuba mu buryo nyabwo, ziguha ubumenyi ku ngano y'ingufu sisitemu yawe itanga, ingano y'ingufu ukoresha, n'ingano y'ingufu zirenze zibikwa cyangwa zisubizwa kuri grid.

Sisitemu zo kugenzura zishobora kuboneka ukoresheje porogaramu za telefoni zigendanwa cyangwa imbuga za interineti, bigufasha gukurikirana imikorere ya sisitemu yawe uri kure. Sisitemu zimwe na zimwe zo kugenzura zishobora no kukwereka ibibazo bishobora kubaho, nko kudakora neza cyangwa ibikenewe mu kubungabunga, bikagufasha gukomeza gukora neza sisitemu yawe.

Sisitemu y'ingufu zikomoka ku mirasire y'izuba igizwe n'ibice byinshi by'ingenzi bikorana mu gukora, guhindura no kubika ingufu zikomoka ku mirasire y'izuba. Kuva ku mirasire y'izuba ifata imirasire y'izuba kugeza ku cyuma gihindura ingufu, buri gice kigira uruhare runini mu gutuma sisitemu yawe ikora neza kandi igatanga ingufu zizewe.

Waba ushaka kugabanya fagitire z'amashanyarazi, gutanga umusanzu mu kubungabunga ibidukikije, cyangwa kongera ubushobozi bwawe bwo gukoresha ingufu, gusobanukirwa ibice by'ingenzi by'amashanyarazi akomoka ku mirasire y'izuba bizagufasha gufata ibyemezo bifatika ku bijyanye n'ibyo ukeneye mu bijyanye n'ingufu.